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| Credit: Lecates via Wikimedia Commons |
Can you tell the difference between the two tones played in this recording?
I’m not convinced that I can, but a group of trained musicians were able to listen to a series of tones like this and consistently distinguish between the two. This is important because there is actually a difference in the tones: in this particular recording, the first tone is an E note played such that the piano key does not hit the bottom of the wooden frame that holds the keys in place (known as the key frame), and in the second tone, the key does hit the key frame. Otherwise, the tones are identical.
From this experiment and others, a team of musicians and acoustic scientists have concluded that touch can be heard in piano music, addressing a century-old debate. Their work has been recently published in the November issue of the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.
The fact that a piano tone sounds different depending on how the key is touched is not obvious to physicists. Many physicists and creators of self-playing pianos have argued that only one thing determines the tone intensity and timbre: the speed of the hammer hitting the piano string (here’s an animated refresher on the inner workings of the grand piano). They claim that by exactly matching the hammer speed of each note of an artistic performance, an automated piano can create an identically-expressive performance.
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| A deconstructed cross-strung upright piano showing the keys and their frame. Credit: Philippe Teuwen via Flickr |
But pianists study for years to perfect a certain style of performance and control over the keys. For example, their fingers can either strike or press a key to change how percussive the note sounds. Surely, this style of touching the key can be heard above and beyond the simple speed of the key and hammer.
The researchers on this new study lend support to the musicians. They find that a pianist’s fingers and style can be heard, at least in individual notes played in a lab setting.
The key is to factor in all the inevitable extra noises that come from playing the piano: the sound of fingertips and fingernails hitting the keys just before the note is played, the knock sounds from the hammer hitting the string and the key hitting the bottom of the key frame, and the thump of the key returning to its initial position after being played. All these mechanical noises add up to change the overall quality of the piano note, even if the volume of the extra sounds is tiny.
Werner Goebl and Roberto Bresin, both musicians and authors on this study, played notes on a grand piano with a range of volumes, alternating between striking and pressing the keys. Using data from accelerometers attached to the piano keys and hammers, the team selected pairs of recorded tones with nearly identical hammer speeds. They played these tones to a group of musicians. The majority of the group could correctly identify a pressed key compared to a struck key, thanks to the nearly imperceptible sound of the finger on the key.
To get a sense of how quiet this extra finger noise is, these two plots show the waveform of a piano note being pressed and being struck with the same hammer velocity. The small sound of the finger hitting key is visible just before the struck sound in the bottom plot. It is a challenge to hear this sound apart from the note itself, but it makes enough of a difference to change the overall effect of the note.
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| Wave form of the piano note when a key is pressed (top image) or struck (bottom image). Credit: Image courtesy of Goebl and Bresin. |
To investigate other piano noises, the team recorded identical notes with and without the key striking the bottom of the frame (like the note you listened to at the beginning of this post). Again they found that this small extra noise, hidden within the sound of the note itself, allowed listeners to distinguish between otherwise-identical notes.
Goebl, lead author on the paper, says these two experiments prove that a piano sound is the result of more than just the hammer speed. “Pianists always knew that there is more, because they can feel the keyboard while playing” says Goebl. “However, physicists had a quite different point of view for almost a century now, which we have clearly rebutted with these two studies.”
Their research joins a small handful of other papers presenting direct evidence that touch can be heard within a piano sound. In other words, you can hear the human within the human performance.
What I find most interesting in this study is the relationship between the tactile-experience and the sound produced in a piano performance. If an audience can discern the tactile sounds of a musician interacting with an instrument, then that musician might manipulate their performance to increase or decrease these tactile sounds and change the expression beyond just the volume of the notes. In fact musicians almost certainly already do this, and physicists are just playing catch up.
In a related study on touch and sound, it seems that musicians often mix up their touch and sound senses when judging the quality of an instrument. When asked to rank three grand pianos by their sound quality, a group of pianists had no trouble indicating a preference. But blind listening tests showed that in fact the pianists could not hear the difference in the three pianos, despite their claims. Only when the pianists were allowed to touch the pianos (both with and without the ability to hear their music), could they rank the pianos with any discernment.
The involuntary merging of two senses is known as synesthesia (smell and taste is a common link). It may be that a mild form of synesthesia between sound and touch is the key which makes live performances from talented musicians so universally compelling.
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| A full house at the Metropolitan Opera House for a concert by Josef Hofmann in 1937. Credit: Public domain |
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By Tamela Maciel, also known as “pendulum”